Categories
books

It Can’t Happen Here

Title
It Can’t Happen Here
Author
Sinclair Lewis

Sinclair Lewis wrote It Can’t Happen Here in 1935 in the midst of the Great Depression and the rise of fascism in Europe. I’m not really going to review this book. It Can’t Happen Here is competently written, Lewis won a Nobel prize for literature, but here he is not blazing new narrative territory or trying to dazzle with something that’s never been done before. He’s writing a warning, he’s writing an urgent story for people to read and understand. It Can’t Happen Here is Lewis shouting ‘look, god dammit, America, are playing with fire, courting fascism and if people don’t stand up and shout ‘no’ at the top of their lungs it’s going to end badly.’

Sadly the book is, as it was in 1935, urgent.

The basic plot is the rise to power of a populist-cum-fascist regime in the US. Complete with stand-ins for Hitler, Gobels, and many other Nazi leaders (the book was banned in Germany, and Italy); uniformed para military “Minute Men” standing in for the Nazi Brown Shirts; a child brainwashing program akin to the Hitler Youth, and so on and so forth. It’s not subtle, though in the depths of the depression maybe many people in America were not really paying attention to what was happening in Europe.

It Can’t Happen Here is eerily reminiscent of current American politics and the rise of Donald Trump, and MAGA. And of the way Trump has acted as President, implementing the Christo-fascist Project 2025 agenda, in the, still early, days of his second term.

So, I’m going to let the book speak for itself.

The Oligarchy

“I tell you, my friends, the trouble with this whole country is that so many are selfish! Here’s a hundred and twenty million people, with 95 per cent of ‘em only thinking of self, instead of turning to and helping the responsible business men to bring back prosperity! All these corrupt and self-seeking labor unions! Money grubbers! Thinking only of how much wages they can extort out of their unfortunate employer, with all the responsibilities he has to bear!

Think of the poor billionaires, the Musks, the Zuckerberg, and the Bezos’. Think how much less money they would have if they were forced to pay a living wage! The American oligarchy’s embrace of Trump foreshadowed.

It’s interesting that Sinclair made the populist-cum-fascist of It Can’t Happen Here, Democrats. The Republicans have been the party of big business for longer than I’ve been alive, but the rise of a left wing, Silicon Valley rich gave some hope to balancing that for a while. No more. If power is the great corrupter, money breaths over its shoulder vying for the top spot. Apparently even in 1935 people questions that. In the afterwords to my edition quotes Lewis as saying:

“The Republican represents the old school of honesty and integrity. It takes that kind of leadership to defeat fascism.”

Which both makes me laugh historically while crying like a baby. Though Lewis is still living in a world where the Republicans were the party of Lincoln, not the modern incarnation of the Republican Party, and MAGA, with their embrace of conspiracy theories, fake news, and alternative facts, and their total capitulation to a man with the integrity of wet toilet paper.

government of the profits, by the profits, for the profits.

I should point out that there is a lot of anti-rich rhetoric in the populist rise in the book, they crib a lot of sound-bytes from the anti-wealth rhetoric of their swarm enmities the Communists. And after gaining power it becomes more about corruption than oligarchy.

$5000

Lewis protagonist includes a promise, base on the real world populist promise of Huey Long to give “American” a $5000 a year handout:

Far from opposing […] proposals of the late Hon. Huey Long to assure every family $5000 a year, […], a Commission shall immediately be appointed by the New Administration to study, reconcile, and recommend for immediate adoption the best features in these several plans for Social Security,

Eerily reminiscent of Trumps promise to give $5000 (one time) to everyone based on Musk’s DOGE slash and burn of the government. And like Windrip’s never fulfilled promise, it seems DOGE didn’t find enough money and that idea was abandoned.

Supreme Executive Power

In the lead up to the election, in It Can’t Happen Here, one of Windrip’s supporters, later to become Secretary of State, opines like something straight out of Project 2025:

The Executive has got to have a freer hand and be able to move quick in an emergency, and not be tied down by a lot of dumb shyster-lawyer congressmen taking months to shoot off their mouths in debates.

Foreshadowing Trumps everything-as-an-emergency so I can issue executive orders to do as I will method of governing.

And as with Trump today, there are many common people who see this as a necessary approach to fixing problems. This sentiment is expressed in a much darker form by one of the protagonists friends who is caught up in the allure of populism:

Why are you so afraid of the word ‘Fascism,’ Doremus? Just a word—just a word! And might not be so bad, with all the lazy bums we got panhandling relief nowadays, and living on my income tax and yours—not so worse to have a real Strong Man, like Hitler or Mussolini—like Napoleon or Bismarck in the good old days—and have ‘em really run the country and make it efficient and prosperous again.

The Press

Much has been written about how right wing media drove the radicalization of people into MAGA. The exaggerations, the lies, the blame game, the self-righteous anger and naked racism. And the politicalization of media, the echo chamber, the left-wing media vs the right wing media.

Well, Lewis imagined the same method of radicalization in an age radio and newspapers. He describes on talk radio personality thus:

he shouted more; he agonized more; he reviled more enemies by name, and rather scandalously; he told more funny stories, and ever so many more tragic stories about the repentant deathbeds of bankers, atheists, and Communists.

Sounds a lot like Info Wars.

And there is even a Fox News stand in, in the form of the newspapers owned by William Randolph Hearst, with unabashed political leaning:

I sound almost like a Hearst editorial on how some college has got to kick out a Dangerous Red instructor in order to preserve our Democracy for the ideals of Jefferson and Washington!

Self-Sufficiency

While the populists of It Can’t Happen Here don’t talk about tariffs like Trump does, they are obsessed with protectionism and making everything in America:

I shall not be content till this country can produce every single thing we need, even coffee, cocoa, and rubber, and so keep all our dollars at home.

he was in favor of the United States so arming itself, so preparing to produce its own coffee, sugar, perfumes, tweeds, and nickel instead of importing them, that it could defy the World.

Coffee? Cocoa? Rubber? These don’t grow in the US. A while back there was a meme about Trumps plan for self-sufficiency, to make everything in America and someone asked how to make avocados and coffee in the US? Seeing as these are plants that don’t grow in the US climate (until Climate Change has its way with us). I guess the MAGA answer would be to take over Central America. Well, Sinclair covered this impulse too:

Expansionism

No mention of Canada or Greenland, but Lewis includes talk of invading Mexico:

this Southwestern Province was also to be permitted to claim “all portions of Mexico which the United States may from time to time find it necessary to take over, as a protection against the notorious treachery of Mexico and the Jewish plots there hatched.”

And the books fascist expansionism doesn’t stop at Mexico:

Why, what we ought to do is to grab all of Mexico, and maybe Central America, and a good big slice of China.

And later:

after eighteen months of Presidency he was angry that Mexico and Canada and South America (obviously his own property, by manifest destiny) should curtly answer his curt diplomatic notes and show no helpfulness about becoming part of his inevitable empire.

The War on Free Speech

Fascist, like all dictators can’t stand free thought, and though they can’t ban though they can ban speech.

He’ll put a damn quick stop to all this radicalism—all this free speech and libel of our most fundamental institutions——”

Just change radicalism to “woke” or “DEI”.

Purging the Universities

The fascist in It Can’t Happen Here go after universities, admittedly in a more have handed way than Trump defunding them. But Lewis correctly points to to higher education being something that fascist can’t stand because the educated tend to be more liberal:

he was in New York, finding quantities of “subversive elements” in Columbia University—

The Road to Fascism

Sinclair even comments on how it is a character of many Americans that leads to fascism. It’s through populism and appealing to the grievances of the common man, providing simplistic, sound byte answers that fascist come to power:

“it becomes clear that the installation of a fascist government will not be a revolution or coup d’état; rather, the groundwork for fascism has already been constructed in the ideological worldviews of the majority of Americans.

Telegraphing Your Fascism

As with Trump’s second term and Project 2025, the fascist in It Can’t Happen Here have a plan and they don’t hide it. The published platform of the populist, Windrip, is filled with what should have been alarming anti-democratic plans. Including:

Crushing or emasculating Unions:

determine which Labor Unions are qualified to represent the Workers; and report to the Executive, for legal action, all pretended labor organizations, whether “Company Unions,” or “Red Unions,” controlled by Communists and the so-called “Third International.”

Systemizing racism:

[black people] shall be prohibited from voting, holding public office, practicing law, medicine, or teaching in any class above the grade of grammar school, and they shall be taxed 100 per cent of all sums in excess of $10,000 per family per year which they may earn or in any other manner receive.

Making the President a king:

Congress shall, immediately upon our inauguration, initiate amendments to the Constitution providing (a), that the President shall have the authority to institute and execute all necessary measures for the conduct of the government during this critical epoch; (b), that Congress shall serve only in an advisory capacity, calling to the attention of the President and his aides and Cabinet any needed legislation, but not acting upon same until authorized by the President so to act; and (c), that the Supreme Court shall immediately have removed from its jurisdiction the power to negate, by ruling them to be unconstitutional or by any other judicial action, any or all acts of the President, his duly appointed aides, or Congress.

And so on and so on and so much more…

What did it get wrong?

Not everything in It Can’t Happen Here is prophetic, Lewis got things wrong.bringing all Most obviously the anti-semitism. The fascist in the book are, like most of the world until after the Holocaust, rabid anti-semites. I won’t quote them, but the book is filled with the standard conspiracy and stereotyping of Jewish people by supported of the fascist regime.

Under MAGA this has been flipped, and it’s Islamophobia not anti-semitism. But it’s the same othering of a people. Of course there is not just one group, as in It Can’t Happen Here, MAGA is racist against anyone not white enough for them.

A Little Fun

This is a dark post. So, let’s have a bit of fun before we end.

There are several names in It Can’t Happen Here that are pure satire. The protagonist is named Doremus Jessup, as in Dormouse, a meek little creature. But the best one is Effingham Swan. Effing ham, fucking pig. Love it.

As a side note, while we are on names, It Can’t Happen Here, is filled with names of people who would have been well known to readers in the thirties but you will need to have Wikipedia handy.

The second funny thing brings us back to reality a bit. While I was compiling this post, I saw on social media a post about Pam Bondi saying “It’s illegal to call yourself the boss if you’re not in charge of the entire country”. This comes after Trump’s attack on Bruce Springsteen for speaking his mind about Trump. It’s fake mind you —the Pam Bondi quote, not Trump attacking Bruce Springsteen— read about it on Snoops [snoops.com]). It is extra funny, in a tragic-comical way, after having read It Can’t Happen Here, because the fascist dictator, Windrip, is called “the Boss” by all his sycophantic followers.

Conclusion

The core theme in It Can’t Happen Here, is that reasonable people don’t speak up and act up in defense of democracy soon enough. As the protagonist of he novel, Doremus Jessup says to himself:

The tyranny of this dictatorship isn’t primarily the fault of Big Business, nor of the demagogues who do their dirty work. It’s the fault of Doremus Jessup! Of all the conscientious, respectable, lazy-minded Doremus Jessups who have let the demagogues wriggle in, without fierce enough protest.

So the point is “get out there and oppose the would be dictators and the fascist early and often. Don’t let them win by default, through inaction and hopping that “this too shall pass”. Complacency is the enemy. If you can’t protest or directly oppose them, then consider giving to those who risk the wrath of Trump and his MAGA fanatics. As someone said recently we are a few lines in to “First They Came” [wikipedia.org] and it’s not a long poem…

First they came for the socialists, and I did not speak out—
Because I was not a socialist.

Then they came for the trade unionists, and I did not speak out—
Because I was not a trade unionist.

Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out—
Because I was not a Jew.

Then they came for me—and there was no one left to speak for me.
Categories
books

The Life You Can Save

Title
The Life You Can Save
Author
Peter Singer

I have been a utilitarian for as long as I’ve had a label for my worldview. I was greatly influenced early on by the works of Peter Singer [petersinger.info]. Most notably Practical Ethics [confusion.cc] and Animal Liberation [confusion.cc], both of which I’ve written of here on Confusion.

The first thing I read by Singer, in an introduction to ethics class long ago, was Famine, Affluence and Morality an article Singer published in 1972. The idea in Famine can be summed up as “you, and those you know, don’t give enough money to help poor, suffering people around the world, and that makes you a morally bad person”. It’s a short essay, a quick read, but its conclusion was, and in many ways still is, shocking. It’s easy to see why many people have a gut reaction to it, rejecting its conclusion. “How can I be a bad person, just because I don’t give all of my money to others, to others half a world away?” It’s an uncomfortable feeling that you might be morally bad. There are lots of objections to Famine including many academic or more thorough attempts to rebut it.

Singer expanded on the concepts of Famine and published The Life You Can Save: How to Do Your Part to End World Poverty [thelifeyoucansave.org] in 2009 and an updated second edition in 2019. I missed it, not having read much philosophy or ethics in the past decade plus. But last year I stumbled across a series of philosophy lectures on YouTube by Jeffrey Kaplan [youtube.com] which included this episode on The Most Controversial Ethics Paper Ever Written [youtube.com], that covers the original Famine paper. After watching it I went looking for a copy of Famine and I stumbled upon The Life You Can Save. I ordered a physical copy of the book but you can get the ebook and even an audio copy read by some famous people from the link above, for free.

The book covers the original idea of the paper fairly quickly, with the a typical Singer approach of using leading you through a situation where few would disagree with his conclusions, then drawing a large moral equivalence between that situation and something much larger, and challenging the reader to find fault. He then spends the rest of its length addressing various objections or refutations of the moral conclusion that he draws from the parable and analogy.

The larger issue is global poverty and the apparent apathy that the world’s affluent have towards it and its effects. Affluent here means anyone who can cover their basic needs, meaning nearly everyone living in ‘western’, ‘developed’, ‘rich’ or ‘affluent’ countries. Meaning you and me and nearly everyone you know. To back up this accusation of apathy Singer includes significant time on data about giving, people’s perceptions of how much is given, how much should be given, and, the effects and efficiency of what is given or the lack thereof.

The updated second edition also includes a lot of stories about people who give, their money or time. Some were inspired by the first edition, some are an inspiration; rising from their own struggles to devote their lives to helping others.

Crucially there is also a discussion of what the Singer thinks is actually a reasonable, workable, contribution level that everyone can strive for. Even if you don’t live up to the ideal of giving until you are on the edge of needing yourself you can give, more than you think and it will help if you give well and you give intentionally. One of those people inspired by the first edition setup the charity that bears the name of the book; The Life You Can Save [thelifeyoucansave.org]`, dedicated to making giving easy and effective for everyone.

The Life You Can Save is a hard book. Like everything by Singer I have ever read I think most people will have a visceral reaction to it. I can’t imagine anyone having a neutral reaction to it. I think that if you read it and think about it, examine your life and the reality that the book discusses you can only have one of two reactions; you can give and give generously, or, you can work yourself into knots to avoid giving. Once you’ve read The Life You Can Save you can’t plead ignorance of this issue.

Reading Singer’s Practical Ethics [confusion.cc] and, later, Animal Liberation [confusion.cc] were foundational to my own self examination. Practical Ethics is still the single most influential book on my understanding of what I think, the fundamental morals and ethics I use to understand my worldview. It’s hard to live up to a code of ethics, it takes time and effort. It’s important to understand your own code, so that when you need to make a decision in the moment you have something to draw on. The Life You Can Save is more of the same, challenging and important. For myself, I have increased the amount I give, as a regular monthly donation after reading it. I have been giving for years, but I never increased it as my own income and ability to give increased.

You should read The Life You Can Save, get the ebook or audio book for free here [thelifeyoucansave.org] or listen to the full book as a podcast via Apple:

or Spotify:

There is no excuse.

Categories
books quotes

The Parable of the Sower & The Parable of the Talents

Title
The Parable of the Sower
Author
Octavia E. Butler
Title
The Parable of the Talents
Author
Octavia E. Butler

The Parable of the Sower and The Parable of the Talents by Octavia E. Butler should be the book of the moment. You should read it now, in 2024, during the presidential election.

The core of the Parable books is a post-apocalyptic America. Staring in 2024 in a time when America’s worst impulses as a society and climate change have together wrecked America. Poverty, drugs and violence are rampant. Wealth buys what there is of security, the police are pay to pay at best and all too often just robbers themselves welding power for themselves in a dog eat dog world. Public education is a thing of the past. And actually slavery and de-facto slavery —debt slavery— in factory towns has returned. Drug addled gangs roam the streets killing and burning at will. Good people are ground up and spit out. The rich and even the middle class build literal walls around their houses and cul-de-sacs to keep out the poor and the violent. People live 19th century lives in the 21st century, bartering, eating what they can grow or scavenge.

Sower follows the teenage years of Lauren Oya Olamina, who starts life in a walled middle class community, if violently thrust out into the wild and eventually come to found a new community —and religion— that aims to help all of humanity with an achievable purpose, not a spiritual salvation but a path to fixing the real world.

Talents continues the story, showing how bad the world can be to those trying to do good and how people can be misguided into doing horrible things… and how power, even and especially power seeped in righteous faith corrupts people or makes them blind to evil done in the name of their righteousness.

I don’t want to give any more of the story of Lauren and the others away. Read the books. But what I wanted to point out is how close the US feels to this post apocalyptic world. It’s 2024 and of course things are not as bad as they are when the book opens in 2024. But the trends are all there. We are too close to this to be comfortable. I’ll let the story stand on it’s own, here are some choice quotes:

The most scary quotes, have to do with the political movement, a right wing Christian group, Christian America, and their leader who’s slogan is:

“Help us to make America great again.”

MAGA, written in 1993, at the dawn of the 1990’s when we looked to a future we thought was bright. The end of communism, the triumph of capitalism and democracy. Somehow Butler knew. She pulled the threads together and predicted it. Like the Simpsons.

“The purpose of Christian America was to make America the great, Christian country that it was supposed to be, to prepare it for a future of strength, stability, and world leadership, and to prepare its people for life everlasting in heaven.”

That, more or less is the summary of the Christian nationalism [wikipedia.org] of Project 2025 [wikipedia.org] and many of the people behind it. Excluding everyone who doesn’t meet their definition of a good Christian according to their particular flavor and interpretation of Christianity.

Jarret’s fanatical followers were the greater danger. During Jarret’s first year in office, the worst of his followers ran amok. Filled with righteous superiority and popular among the many frightened, ordinary citizens who only wanted order and stability,

Before Trump, before the rise of the Gospel of Wealth, before Nazi’s in Charlottesville. Jarret is an interesting stand-in for Trump. Jarret started as a preacher, not a property investor and reality TV star. But in the end he has political supporters and his out-of-control paramilitary hate groups. The Crusaders, like the Proud Boys and their ilk are extremists and domestic terrorists. And it’s all to realistic that the real-world crazies are only one steep away from the fictional crazies reign of terrors and atrocities.

Even some of the less religious ones support him. They say the country needs a strong hand to bring back order, good jobs, honest cops, and free schools. They say he has to be given plenty of time and a free hand so he can put things right again.

I hear some version of this from people I would not expect, rationalizing Trump, or ignoring his authoritarian and fascist tendencies for a variety of reasons. Often they are considering only one issue but when I ask, “why would you ever vote for someone who sounds like Hitler” they don’t seem to understand.

They have no power to improve their lives, but they have the power to make others even more miserable. And the only way to prove to yourself that you have power is to use it.

This ones strikes a fundamental issue in America politics over the last 30 plus years. The fact that politicians have failed many Americans. Focusing on globalization and a view of the economy based on national level KPIs like GDP and unemployment, politicians on both sides have failed so many Americans. Both rural and inner-city have been left behind and neither party has made any real plan to help them. Their anger boiled over, hatred of the “elites” and the “deep state” are rational given how they failed. Trump road the rural anger into the White House in 2016.

I have watched education become more a privilege of the rich than the basic necessity that it must be if civilized society is to survive. I have watched as convenience, profit, and inertia excused greater and more dangerous environmental degradation. I have watched poverty, hunger, and disease become inevitable for more and more people. Overall, the Pox has had the effect of an installment-plan World War III. In fact, there were several small, bloody shooting wars going on around the world during the Pox. These were stupid affairs—wastes of life and treasure. They were fought, ostensibly, to defend against vicious foreign enemies. All too often, they were actually fought because inadequate leaders did not know what else to do. Such leaders knew that they could depend on fear, suspicion, hatred, need, and greed to arouse patriotic support for war.

Most people have given up on politicians. After all, politicians have been promising to return us to the glory, wealth, and order of the twentieth century ever since I can remember.

I have also read that the Pox was caused by accidentally coinciding climatic, economic, and sociological crises. It would be more honest to say that the Pox was caused by our own refusal to deal with obvious problems in those areas. We caused the problems: then we sat and watched

Climate change denial, the pandemic and its economic consequences, and the culture wars seem to fit the bill…

Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments—the ones abolishing slavery and guaranteeing citizenship rights—still exist, but they’ve been so weakened by custom, by Congress and the various state legislatures, and by recent Supreme Court decisions that they don’t much matter.

This one hits close to home. The Supreme Court didn’t gut these ones, but they have been on a rampage recently overturning “settled law” and bending over backwards and contorting themselves into knots to justify their immunity ruling.

Jarret insists on being a throwback to some earlier, “simpler” time. Now does not suit him. Religious tolerance does not suit him. The current state of the country does not suit him. He wants to take us all back to some magical time when everyone believed in the same God, worshipped him in the same way, and understood that their safety in the universe depended on completing the same religious rituals and stomping anyone who was different. There was never such a time in this country. But these days when more than half the people in the country can’t read at all, history is just one more vast unknown to them.

The desire for some mythical time when America was “great” and the lack of how limited that greatness was (great for who?) or what it took (high taxes, high government spending). Education hasn’t fallen so far that only 50% are literate but the susceptibility to online misinformation and disinformation seems to affect at least 50%.

Ok. Enough. We’re fucked and somehow she predicted it.

You should read The Parable of the Sower and The Parable of the Talents.

You should read them now, this year. You should read them before the US presidential election. You should read them after the overturning of Roe vs. Wade and after the Supreme Court gutted checks and balances and all but declared the president a king by granting unbelievably broad absolute immunity from criminal prosecution.

Their good books but also scary prophetic. I don’t think I can explain it without spoiling it. It made me think, it made me concerned, in a few places it made me hopeful, but mostly it made me concerned about many things I’m already worried about.

Categories
books ranting

Of Literature and Genre Fiction

The other day Richard Geib, who’s website musings I have followed for the past two decades [confusion.cc], posted a new blog entry: My Jane Austen Problem [rjgeib.com]. Before diving into Jane Austen specifically Mr. Geib recounts a period of time in college when he had a voracious appetite for all the famous literature I had heard about but never read. I would read anything and everything I could get my hands on.

The insatiable desire to read, during college, is something I can relate to, along with the fact the Mr. Geib was not a literature student, he was reading out of love for reading.

I never had a late night boring desk attendant job like Mr. Geib but I was nevertheless a voracious reader during college, with the mindset of “so many books, so little time”. I was never a fast reader but I read whenever I could. In and around my college days I devoured a lot of time to literature. I read Dostoevsky [wikipedia.org], Sartre [wikipedia.org], Nabokov [wikipedia.org], Mann [wikipedia.org], Camus [wikipedia.org], Eco [wikipedia.org], Rushdie [wikipedia.org], Marques [wikipedia.org] and more. Reading was my escape from classes, homework and work. I even forced myself to finish James Joyce Ulysses, a book I disliked almost from beginning to end, every critic sings it praises It must be great, right?

As with Mr. Geib my reading slowed considerably in the years after college. Work and, later, family inevitably reduced my reading time. I also struggled for a while in Singapore because there were only a few bookstores and books were much more expensive, to say nothing about having little room to store books. Eventually I move to reading mostly ebooks. I agonized over culling my physical book collections several times, it’s down to only the favorites or those that I have some sentimental attachment to.

Despite all that I have managed to work my way through many of the novels of Hemingway [wikipedia.org], Faulkner [wikipedia.org], Murakami [wikipedia.org], Cormac McCarthy [wikipedia.org], Truman Capote [wikipedia.org] and I even read Cervantes [wikipedia.org]’ Don Quixote [goodreads.com] for it’s 500th birthday. Over the past few years I’ve been reading short stories: the complete shores stores of, the complete collections of Chekov [wikipedia.org], Turgenev [wikipedia.org], Flannary O’Conner [wikipedia.org], and the short story side of Nabokov and Hemingway. As well as select works of more authors.


That’s a lot of big, famous names, and the list of yet-to-be-read is infinitely longer. I’m listing these names not as a brag but to provide a counterpoint to other books… Because, one thing those names all have in common is they are all Literature in the sense that excludes most genre fiction [wikipedia.org] (a term I just learned from looking for the opposite of big-L Literature); sci-fi and fantasy and horror as well as comics and manga. Things that stuffy old Columbia Literature Professors would look down on.

Why do I read so much Literature?

First, a bit of history, I was not always so, I started my reading journey firmly in genre fiction. Specifically in fantasy. Way back in the fifth grade, in Ms. Venning’s class, where I read The Hobbit [goodreads.com]. I liked The Hobbit and I got a copy of The Lord of the Rings [goodreads.com] shortly after we finished it. After a couple of false starts on LOTR I revisited it in sixth grade because I had an hour long bus ride in the morning and afternoon and reading became my escape. Since first finishing LOTR when I was 12 it has never not been my favorite book and I have re-read it almost every year since.

Like the dwarves of Moria I dug deep into middle earth. A few years later I read The Silmarillion [goodreads.com] and the entire History of Middle Earth series released by Christopher Tolkien. Fantasy was my thing in middle school and high school. At the same time I read LOTR I discovered Dungeons & Dragons (thanks to the Boy Scouts and being snowed in on a trip to Fort Eustis) and I got sucked into the new TSR Forgotten Realms novels that came out around that time.

Sci-fi and fantasy ran in the family. My dad was a big sci-fi and fantasy reader (and comics reader), we had a library full of Isaac Azimov [wikipedia.org], Sir Arthur C. Clarke [wikipedia.org], Edgar Rice Burroughs [wikipedia.org], David Eddings [wikipedia.org], Robert Jordan [wikipedia.org], Mercedes Lackey [wikipedia.org] and many others. Shelves full of Star Trek novels, X-Men comics, Spider-Man, and so many more. So, sci-fi and fantasy were ‘normal’ for me I guess.

Like most American teenagers I had to read a lot of famous literature in school. And like most others I knew it was read-and-forget after the test. A few books stand out, I remember reading Where the Red Fern Grows [goodreads.com] and To Kill a Mockingbird [goodreads.com] as books I, grudgingly enjoyed. But for the most part I had not time for anything but my fantasy books.


That changed in the spring of my senior year of high school. I’m not sure why exactly, but I was home for an extended period recovering from Mono, I had almost a month laying around the house with little energy and for some reason I picked up and read the complete Shakespeare… A onion paper used copy I got from a shop in the basement of The Hardware Store on the downtown mall in Charlottesville (there I got a lot of used books, including the History of Middle Earth series). I don’t even remember why I had this book other than it was a massive leather bound red book that looked cool on the book shelf.

Maybe it was because Shakespeare was in the air that year. The senior class put on Macbeth as a school play that fall and many of my friends where in or involved in the production. We read Hamlet in my senior English class. Of course we had read Romeo and Juliet earlier in high school but more importantly Baz Luhrmann’s Romeo + Juliet [imdb.com] came out that year too. And I watched Kenneth Branagh’s Othello [imdb.com] movie with a bunch of my drama-room and coffee shop friends that year too.

Whatever the reason I had an epiphany reading Shakespeare. At some point when you read a lot of Shakespeare you get into a groove and you can really read him, it flows and you don’t need to think about the verse, you don’t need to read and re-read the same passages over and over to understand, it just works.

Shakespeare was my first taste of literature for pleasure and it set the stage. But there was a second incident that triggered my pivot away from fantasy. This was more about the literature of “the western canon” being the basis of so much. And all these references and influences in popular culture going over my head. Someone pointed this out on a car ride back from a Rage Against the Machine concert where Rage played a song I’d never heard: The Ghost of Tom Joad. Long story short: I didn’t know who Tom Joad was, despite having, supposedly, read The Grapes of Wrath [goodreads.com] a few years before in school. But as with most books that were part the curriculum it went in one ear and out the other… At some point these incidents triggered a shift away from fantasy to “literature”, what else had I missed?

A lot, but set that aside there is too much to go into the myriad retellings of different forms, the quotes, the nods, the rebellions against. But beyond all that there is a reason that people are referencing these books all the time: They are good, many of them are great. Crime and Punishment [goodreads.com], The Age of Reason [goodreads.com] and Invisible Man [goodreads.com] are, just behind The Lord of the Rings my favorite books today.

So I spent more then 10 years reading almost exclusively big-L Literature. I never completely left fantasy and sci-fi, I continued my annual tradition of reading The Lord of the Rings and regular re-readings of Dune [goodreads.com]. But I was working my way through such a backlog of great books and authors.

And then at some point I came back around to a more balanced diet mixing in a healthy dose of genre fiction with my hoity-toity literature. Moderation in all things, right?

Over the past decade or so I have read (or re-read in a few case) things like Leviathan Wakes [goodreads.com], Wool [goodreads.com], Old Mans War [goodreads.com], The Dark Tower series [goodreads.com] by Stephen King, The Nexus trilogy [goodreads.com] by Ramez Naam, The Hangman’s Daughter series [goodreads.com] by Oliver Pötzsch. The Watchmen [goodreads.com] and V for Vendetta [goodreads.com] by Alan Moore, Neil Gaiman’s The Sandman [goodreads.com], Akira [goodreads.com], Fables [goodreads.com], Locke & Key [goodreads.com], and many more. For good measure I read the complete stories of H. P. Lovecraft [goodreads.com] (skip the essays, don’t sully yourself with his racist drivel any more than you have too in the stories themselves.)

OK, I need to stop listing books… there are so many, too many to list, but i recommend everything linked here (except Ulysses, of course 😉, read Moby-Dick [goodreads.com] instead). I have not posted reviews of most of these books here on Confusion. I started back in the day, reviews of books was one of the original reasons for the site, to share my thoughts on these books with my college friends when we were apart, over summers and during my long-strange-trip in Europe. There is a whole category for my book reviews [confusion.cc], but I’ve only written one review in the past decade – fittingly it was for Lovecraft Country [confusion.cc] a fantasy-horror book recommended by a friend who lives in a foreign country. Which, along with The Dream Quest of Vellit Boe [goodreads.com] helps to redeem a small corner of the H. P. Lovecraft mythos from his misogyny and racism. I highly recommend both books.

Categories
books

Lovecraft Country

Author
Matt Ruff

I first heard about Lovecraft Country from a friend, a friend who lives in Sweden. He recommended it wholeheartedly, saying he read it several times. I picked it up a week or so later, just as the COVID19 pandemic was taking off. It was not long after I finished Lovecraft Country that the George Floyd protests started. Given the nature of the book it was a very timely read.

On Goodreads [goodreads.com]

Before we get to Lovecraft Country itself, it’s worth noting that I have read all of H. P. Lovecraft’s fiction [goodreads.com], and I enjoy most of it. I am aware that he was a massive bigot, racist and anti-semitic, and many other -ists. I didn’t read more than a few of his non-fiction writings, is “essays” or letters, there is not reason to read it beyond a reminder of how nasty a person can be with their words. Good fiction, if lacking a lot of representation, but a nasty author.

This is the second recent book I have read that attempts to deal with Lovecraft’s bigotry by authors, who would have been on the receiving end of his bigotry, co-opting him. The other book is The Dream-Quest of Vellitt Boe by Kij Johnson. Johnson [goodreads.com]. That book takes place inside one of Lovecraft’s fictional worlds, the dream world, and aims to address Lovecraft’s sexism. Specifically the lack of female characters by populating the dream world with female characters, including the strong female lead.

Lovecraft Country on the other hand takes place in the “real world” where Lovecraft’s books exist, and so does Lovecraftian cosmic horror. So Lovecraft Country addresses Lovecraft’s rabid racism by casting as it’s protagonists a group of Black Americans living during the height of Jim Crow America. Lovecraftian cosmic horrors alongside the everyday, real, horrors of American racism.

Lovecraft Country is a collection of linked stories, focused around a the protagonists and their repeated encounters with the members of a secret society. Magical rituals, cosmic portals, potions and spells abound. There is even a monster or two. But there are also racist cops, racist shop owners and racist random strangers. The racism is both active; vulgarities and violence perpetrated sadistically, and passive; condescending tones, stares and casual disrespect and disregard. I can’t imagine how true it is, what it was —what it is— like to experience this type of bigotry in real life. It was oppressive and ever present in the story.

The climax of the racism is a flashback to the events of Tulsa Race Massacre [wikipedia.org]. An event that I first remember hearing about a few years ago. I don’t remember being taught about it in high school, not in American History class or even in Ms. Reynolds African American Studies class. Maybe my memory fails me or maybe it says something about American racism that the trauma of an event like that is not a shared public memory, like Pearl Harbor or 9/11 or Kent State.

Another aside: this is the second work I’ve come across this year that includes reference to the Tulsa Race Massacre as a key background event for the characters. The other being HBO’s Watchmen series. So maybe in the future what happened in Tulsa will be part of the collective American psyche.

I won’t spoil the Lovecraftian aspects of the stories, only note that there is a lack of cyclopean masonry and eldritch horrors. Lovecraft Country is more the The Colour out of Space and The Case of Charles Dexter Ward than The Call of Cthulhu or The Shadow over Innsmouth. But the real horror remains the ever present racism.

I really enjoyed Lovecraft Country, I will read it again, and I hope the upcoming HBO series is as good. I would put Lovecraft Country up there with To Kill a Mockingbird and Invisible Man [confusion.cc] in giving me some vague understanding of how racism affects people through literature.